kamikaze language techniques

Even the pictures threaten the poetic persona of the poem. The sadness created in both poems shows the difficulty of internal conflict too. Kamikaze also references the shame of war. Technical Communication Quarterly, 14(2), 197214. They are easy to remember if studied individually and demonstrate well the manuals assumption of authority. This is where Manual 2 comes in with its dual mental/spiritual advice, deviating from mechanistic technique to offer emotional comfort. Technical Communication Quarterly, 11(1), 3159. Near the beginning, in passage 3, there is an admonition that introduces a recurring element of remorse and questioning: (3) The true purpose of Togo troop is to go over and beyond life-and-death, and to exert completely the unique battle power with mentality of truly [ikan-naku] (completely, without remorse) and risk their own lives and excellent battle skills, and to [bakushin shoototsu] (dash and crash) into the enemys moving or stationed ships, invariably sink them, and then to destroy the enemys plan so that doing so opens up the paths to success for all of the [Japanese] military. Context - Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland - AQA - BBC Bitesize We are grateful to Mr. Takeshi Kawatoko of the Chiran Peace Museum, who generously shared with us a copy of Manual 1 and tirelessly advised us on the Japanese language of the time and the contextualized, implied meanings in the text. Study Kamikaze using smart web & mobile flashcards created by top students, teachers, and professors. We suspect that the images were added at a later time, perhaps because the directives by themselves are hard to mentally picture. The pilots actions were meant to be bold and affirmative and bring honour and glory to the nation. We regret that we cannot make any definitive claims about usability, but again, the lack of documented refusals suggests usability issues did not negatively affect the overall mission of the Togo. LitCharts Teacher Editions. Steady American successes, starting with the Battle of Midway in 1942, drained morale to the point that the kamikaze attack emerged as a reasonable alternative to conventional aerial warfare of the time, where the two main kinds of naval conventional bombers, dive bombers and torpedo planes, were used to attack ships. AQA Power and Conflict - Loss - Kamikaze / Poppies - YouTube For this activity, you will need to turn to the poem'Kamikaze'by Beatrice Garland and'Poppies'by Jane Weir. His email address is duncanm@uhd.edu. thoughout the poem there is constant mention of the sea. At school she was punished for misdemeanours by being made to memorise large sections of poetry. Descent into Hell: The Battle of Okinawa. This study examines Japanese military ideology at a particular stage in the war to contextualize a rhetorical analysis, rhetorical dynamics implicit within the . This varies depending on the type of aircraft. And though he We're here to help each child succeed. Recently revamped and expanded, this free lesson includes analyses of key quotations, differentiated activities and helpful notes for both teachers and students. Her poem A Kosovan Ghost Story refers to the shame and dishonour brought about in war in this case the fact that women who were raped in the war were seen to have brought dishonour on their families; therefore the atrocities of war were often not spoken of to the investigators who arrived to investigate war crimes. It is an honor to be able to give my life in defense of these beautiful and lofty things (Feifer, 2012, p. 157). Close analysis of Kamikaze | KS4 English | Teachit If the commander has doubts, he needs only to consult his manual. There is no improvising or mental meandering to be done during a suicide attack, save rote airspeed and altitude correction. This was analysed using the scores from the EdPlace database with all activities taken by students managed by parent accounts between October 2018 and September 2019. Results: We explore different complementary and dynamic rhetorical aspects of the texts, such as their approach to their respective audiences, the recurring subjects of remorse and questioning orders, the normalization of the suicidal act, the need for mental toughness in the pilots, the recurring use of the imperative mood, and the dehumanizing role of images. The author is unknown and anonymous, but, presumably, Manual 1 was written above the rank of a Togo commanding officer with the images possibly added by an assistant or assistants. *Student progress - Students who used EdPlace learning materials progressed by an average of 153% in English, maths and science over an academic year. The very act of questioning gets in the way of following orders and is to be avoided. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. Imperative 4. Feifer, G. (2012). kamikaze one of a group of Japanese WW2 pilots who flew on suicide missions samurai sword a traditional Japanese sword cairns piles of stones, usually to mark something breakers waves that hit the shoreline what is this poem about The poem opens with a kamikaze pilot setting off on his mission. pptx, 673.72 KB. Pulling out of the dive left the bomber vulnerable to attack as monoplanes of the era were slow climbers, but with the Togo, there was no concern for escape. Form, structure and language Form. All rights reserved. We have reproduced them here as they are presented in Axell and Kases manuscript. Unlike Manual 1, the excerpts border on the poetic: . Contrary to popular legend, Japanese conventional pilots during the war were indeed issued parachutes, but most refused to wear them as they did not want to be captured and they got in the way of flying (Caidin & Saito, 1957). This makes us feel a part of the pilots daughters reminiscences as she explains to her own children what her father must have felt like as he progressed on his suicide mission. 8 but I am branded by an impression of sunlight. We feel it is important to subject wartime documents to rhetorical analysis so that their rhetorical maneuvers are left transparent to history, and especially for the benefit of those who may write such military discourse in the future. We're here to help your child succeed. Manual 1s visuals are so removed from the directives that it isolates them from the tasks they represent; the only reference to the visuals occurs in the table of contents. As such, we feel comfortable labeling the mission of Manual 2 as offering not only the logical reassurance and reinforcement offered by Manual 1, but emotional reassurance as well, in order to reach the final desired state. Both poems highlight the effects that conflict can have on families and men who go to war. Teachers of instructional writing have countless choices when it comes to providing real-world examples of genre, but few examples are as gripping, ethically problematic, and dramatic as these. With its navy, air force, and merchant fleets shattered, mainland Japan was on the verge of an American ground invasion that, according to widespread American propaganda, could come at any time. You feel that you are suddenly floating in the air. Comparisons and alternative. Loorbach, N., Karreman, J., & Steehouder, M. (2007). The collection includes a number of poems that look at the cultural divide between the west and the east. Yes, please keep me updated on EdPlace's news, advice and offers (subject to EdPlace's, Winner - Best for Home Learning / Parents. . Yes, please keep me updated on EdPlace's news, advice and offers (subject to EdPlace's Privacy Policy ). University of Chicago Press. 'green blue translucent sea'. Naval Institute Press. However, we can make several important observations, given that the translated excerpts provided by Axell and Kase are indeed representative of the manual as a whole, and we also have Manual 1 for comparison. A nation challenged: Notes found after the hijackings. This, the last paragraph of the total 49, is emblematic of Manual 1 as a whole. The daughter imagines why her father chose to turn back, seeing the earth and sea below him and remembering his own childhood. Its small size suggests that it could be carried folded or unfolded in a pocket to refresh ones memory or to quote from it. This made even conventional air attacks near suicidal, as they largely had to be made by inexperienced pilots in decrepit aircraft against increasingly plentiful and better-armored American planes. You should always refer to your own text when working through these examples. We would like to extend this further, in that students should be aware of the consequences of divorcing visuals from their context by including important images as appendices rather than integrating them within the text. She became an NHS clinician and worked as a researcher and teacher in the field of psychological medicine. Mike Duncan is a professor of English at the University of Houston-Downtown. Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland A poem about a kamikaze pilot who returns home and faces rejection. Unusual and compelling artifacts such as these kamikaze manuals work well to bring alive in the classroom a usually mundane yet fundamental corner of technical communication. The pilot is to head directly for the target and kill himself and others with the maximum amount of efficiency. If a Togo pilot saw a squadmates plane make its final dive, he was more likely to do likewise. Past explorations of technical communication ethics include the desirability of humanistic visuals, especially when describing human tragedy (Dragga & Voss, 2001; Dragga & Voss, 2003) as well as, increasingly, sensitivity to the circumstances of intercultural technical communication (Flammia & Voss, 2007) and its teaching (Aguad & Voss, 2017). Central to these analyses is a charge for technical communicators to accept the moral responsibility to bring humanity to the verbal and visual display of information (Dragga & Voss, 2003, pp. The instructions in these two manuals present an extreme example for ethics; namely, is killing yourself and others ethical? (7) . Get started for free to track progress, measure results and access thousands of educational activities in English, maths and science. In this worksheet, students will identify the language techniques used in both 'Kamikaze' and 'Poppies' and explain their effect on the reader. The Japanese army and navy in WWII, through the Senjinkun and propaganda, were quick to link the sense of duty in bushido to the war effort. Manning and Amare note in their treatment of technical communication ethics that If we define all of ethics, as Peirce does, as the reasoned choice of actions to attain reasonably chosen goals, then this . Her father embarked Loorbach, N., Karreman, J., & Steehouder, M. (2013). Through our rhetorical analysis of these documents and their unique context, we show that they, through procedure, reinforce the decision to become living missiles as a rational choice. We placed a special emphasis when collaborating on what rhetorician Michael Leff has called the effort to interpret the intentional dynamics of a text (Things, 1992, p. 223) with the goal of producing an account of the rhetorical dynamics implicit within it [the text] (Legacy, 1986, p. 378). Gellevij, M., & van der Meij, H. (2002). With Japans bushido code of no surrender for its soldiers (and civilians), coupled with American determination to end the war, an American invasion of Japan likely would have meant millions of deaths, given the determination by which the Japanese had defended small volcanic islands like Iwo Jima in February and March of 1945. Minor sentences 6. In the West, we often valorize our military for selfless, solo acts; think of the almost stereotypical soldier who falls on a grenade to save his comrades, or another who charges an enemy machine-gun nest alone. As mentioned before, 1945 saw the Japanese military in severe distress. Suicide attacks were made by pilots of other nations, such as the Germans (Feifer, 2012), but they were not organized. Rhyme 10. a kamikaze pilot. First, this manual was written for commanding those who are certain to die in action, as opposed to a more conventional military manual written for those with at least a chance of surviving enemy action. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. If there is a rhetorical situation where dehumanizing rhetoric is acceptable, ethically, then these texts, we suggest, are an intriguing place to start looking for it. And the living embodiment of all wonderful things from our past is the Imperial Family, which is also the crystallization of the splendor and beauty of Japan and its people. The poetic lines stuck with her and she says sometimes they were like sweets, something that could be saved up and enjoyed for their marvellous taste.. The personification of the winds for example brings an added dimension to the character of that element; snow is portrayed in unusual fashion - it is naturally white but in the poem 'seen' as black. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Those willing to serve were twice as numerous as the available planes (Feifer, 2012, p.156). It made sense to Japanese commanders to adapt these two already tested techniques to kamikaze warfare, particularly the simultaneous use of multiple aircraft. The tuna, a dark prince, reminds us of the dangers and menaces of the natural world. Analyse the Language Techniques Used in the Poem 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland In this worksheet, students will analyse the language devices used in the poem 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland. This reflects the Japanese notion of honour and saving face. They were expected to crash their warplanes into enemy warships. Bliese, J. R. E. (1994). This will also enable you to concentrate your attention on eradicating the enemy with unwavering determination, meanwhile reinforcing your excellence in flight skills. His action (of returning home rather than committing suicide) shamed the entire family and the nation. Context - Kamikaze was written by Beatrice Garland, and was published in 2013. The poems use strong imagery to describe howfamilies are destroyed by the end of the poem and will never be the same again. Conaway, R. N. (2010). Few extant studies on military technical communication seem to fit our task. The pilots of these more conventional aircraft at least had a chance of returning to a carrier or airfield; the only chance for a Togo pilot to return was if he failed to locate a target. PDF Context Line-by-Line Analysis - George Pindar School The poem's content, ideas, language and structure are explored. Track progress, measure results and access thousands of online tutorial worksheets in Maths, English and Science with an EdPlace subscription. The value of Bernhardts analysis, then, as with ours, lies in the ability to describe how the instructional rhetorical maneuveringin Bernhardts case, using sex to sell (p. 221) the need for vehicle maintenancefunctions uniquely within a military context. A valuable critical overview of WWIIpoets by the Poetry Foundation. Miller, C. (1984). There is a lengthy sequence dealing with the strong imagery of the sea and the power of nature. He set out on his suicide mission one sunrise. However, we found Farkass (1999) terminology particularly useful for our analysis: specifically, the four system states; desired, prerequisite, interim, and unwanted; allowed us to describe the subgoals of the authors of the manuals, and step-rich is a good description of both manuals as a whole in that they are more loosely constructed than the streamlined-step approach (p. 44). AQA Power and Conflict - Kamikaze | Teaching Resources Instead, as in Dive, the reader sees a simple triangle, with the hypotenuse being the path of the plane. Fatal deliverance from an Iron Storm. Yooryoo is the term used for plans and for the manual itself; it is a very serious word that means anything from outlines, key points, instructions, or a manual. Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko. The design of sexism: The case of an army maintenance manual. This mindset was not limited to Togo pilots; the mass suicides of both Japanese soldiers and civilians during the invasion of Okinawa paralleled the intense kamikaze attacks of the war off the coast (Shimpo et al., 2014, p. 3). Form, structure and language - The migre by Carol Rumens - AQA - GCSE This signals the continuation of the samurai tradition through the actions of the kamikaze pilots. Technical Communication, 48(3), 297308. Textual criticism: The legacy of G.P. Markel, M. (2005). Sato, H. (2007, Oct. 29). Analyse the Language Techniques Used in the Poem 'Kamikaze - EdPlace Correll, J. T. (2015). In this article, we explore the phenomenon of kamikaze attacks in 1945 through a rhetorical analysis of a technical text that we translated for the first time into English: a Japanese military manual directed to Togo officers on how to organize and conduct suicide attacks against American warships. The work on this site may be copied and/or adapted for use in the classroom or for private study. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/29/us/a-nation-challenged-notes-found-after-the-hijackings.html. Japan faced an unimaginable defeat at the hands of the US, when it was widely believed by Japanese that the US tortured their prisoners to death, whether military or civilian, and that they would butcher the Japanese civilian population in an invasion. This attractive resource supports students' analysis of the poem, 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland, including language techniques, structure and themes. 2368268). Even with this focus on the officer in command, Manual 1 still falls safely within the states model of procedural discourse described by Farkas (1999) as it often, deliberately or not, blends the pilots roles with those of the officers. a Japanese suicide pilot used in World War 2 Name the three main themes of the poem. The poem is structured as a series of eight stanzas of five lines. It could be a way for the writer to emphasize the difficulty of what he is asking of the pilots and their commander, but, given the language in the rest of the manual, this would be an exception to the typical authoritative distance, which is chiefly created by tone. These directives are perhaps stark by Western standards, but they have a history and grounding in a moral code. A key aspect to bushido is the act of seppuku, where a dishonored samurai voluntarily commits suicide if sufficiently dishonored or wounded, or is ordered to do so by a superior. . Yes, please keep me updated on EdPlace's news, advice and offers (subject to EdPlace's, Winner - Best for Home Learning / Parents. Bernhardts manual analysis would be enriched, for example, when placed against a contrast such as the Tigerfibel and Pantherfibel manuals (which used sex as well as elaborate rhyming to entice reading) issued to German tank crews in WWII. We hope you've enjoyed trying some of our activities. It is one thing to be asked, as part of ones duty, to kill yourself via direct personal order; it is another to be ordered to do so through, or with assistance from, the medium of a manual (Manual 2) or to order others to kill themselves with the aid of a manual (Manual 1). Kamikaze. mother father grandmother brother and children all are mentioned in the poem. One way or another, the Togo will commence their attacks and die. Select any word below to get its definition in the context of the poem. It is of utmost importance for the attacking force commander to have thorough knowledge about the yooryoo of the Togo troop commanders attack. 241260). We were nearly run down by a kamikaze on a motorcycle. Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 46(3), 311341. The plane is nearly the same size as the target, not even an attempt at scale. The technical instructions are helpful, though, like Manual 1, they are a bit vague, trying to hit a middle or moderate approach to figuring out the dive. If you want to see what we offer first,sign up for a free Twinkl account hereand take a look aroundat our free resources. Things made by words: Reflections on textual criticism. Proverb 5. Even so, each airplane needs to calmly proceed with a deadly attack with a burning determination to sink the target, and to accomplish the assignment to completion. Historynet. . One hundred years of sea power: The U.S. Navy, 18901990. The path to attempted suicide for the pilots in the procedure is singular and inevitable. Rhetoric goes to war: The doctrine of ancient and medieval military manuals. Stackpole Books. (GCSE 1hr PP with differentiated tasks, New Spec) The table of contents (Figure 1) includes an overview, two chapters, and appendices. Loorbach, N., Steehouder, M., & Taal, E. (2006). AQA Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland A poem about a kamikaze pilot who returns home and faces rejection. towards the sun, and remembered how A fascinating essay that looks into the Japanese attitude towards shame and honor. meaning. How does Garland present her ideas in 'Kamikaze - ReadkonG His children, too, gradually learn that he is not to be spoken to and begin to isolate and reject him. Attack Assignments renders, again, the planes and the ships as the same size, and draws a mere connecting line between plane and ship to represent the desired approach. Michigan State University Press. "the little fishing boats strung out like bunting" "like a huge flag waved first one way then the other in a figure of eight" Mohrmann, 1986, Quarterly Journal of Speech, 72, 377389), ____. sea. This blog explores the poem Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland, covering: Kamikaze is an early 21st century poem by the English poet, Beatrice Garland. kamikaze was the term used for the ww2 japanise plane divers. (2014). A. Campbell, and D, Henry (Eds. The poem tells the story of one particular pilot who decides to turn back, prompted by a childhood memory of his brother and father by the sea. The poem - Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland - AQA - BBC Bitesize Dragga, S., & Gong, G. (2014). Horne, A. You are two or three metres from the target. Their typically artful parting letters are well known, such as in this excerpt: The Japanese way of life is indeed beautiful and Im proud of it, as Im proud of Japanese history and mythology, which reflect the purity of our ancestors . We cannot connect the manual directly to the effectiveness of Togo unit discipline, but the existence of the manual and its arguments suggest that discipline was a concern. Dragga, S., & Voss, D. (2001). In a similar vein, Miller (1989) argues that professional communication is a matter of arguing toward the good of the community rather of constructing texts, but for the good of which community (p. 23)? Ding, D. (2001). This complex task was chiefly undertaken by one of the authors who is a native Japanese speaker; her credentials also include a Ph.D. in literacy, culture, and language education and experience teaching multiple levels of Japanese.
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